Understanding organised violence and crime in political settlements: oil wars, petro-criminality and amnesty in the Niger Delta — and the concept of 'crimilegal orders'

Defines crimilegal orders — political settlements in which state institutions, security forces, and criminal economies operate as one coherent system rather than as adversaries. The Civilian Safety sub-page uses this concept to explain why post-2009 North-East gang-era impunity and NDDCB-documented heroin spread cannot be read as ordinary criminality and cannot be remedied by ordinary policing reform alone. Reference frame only — never used to brand any named entity. Paired with Staniland 2014 for the academic anchor on the FATF/APG civic-submission pathway.