The Kangani System and Tamil Labour Migration to Ceylon and Malaya, 1840–1940

P. Ramasamy / Sandhya Shukla et al. (composite scholarly anchor) · Modern Asian Studies / South Asian Diaspora (peer-reviewed journals)

tlte-cite:ecumene-kangani-academic

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Composite academic anchor for the kangani brokerage system that moved Tamil labour to Ceylon estates and Malayan rubber. Specific paper citations are listed on /ecumene/methodology to avoid presenting any single work as canonical.

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https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies

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